Saturday, August 31, 2019

Historical Fiction Book Report

Furthermore, after almost 30 years of fighting, Apache leader, Greenroom finally surrendered with his armed forces to General Nelson Miles. Also during 1886, a massive and destructive hurricane demolished the town of Dianna in the state of Texas. Based on my knowledge of life in 1886, if the story were to take place in in Daly City in 2014, the story would greatly differ. Roads would be evenly and more efficiently paved. Modernized cars would replace horseback transportation. Likewise, farms would be replaced by studier homes, markets, and stores.Ellen Elizabeth Hawkins features as the main character of the story. A motherless twelve-year old, Ellen is adventurous and protective of others. Ellen is spirited and is willing to journey to far off lands. As in the story, because she enjoys an adventure, Ellen sets off into the distance to go rescue her Grandfather who has mysteriously disappeared. Just as her mother, Ellen is protective of animals, family, and all living beings. She trea ts her mare, Detroit with respect and is always concerned of Grandpa's safety. However, Ellen may be rebellious at times of suspense.In addition, Grandpa and Detroit, as stated before, are also two important characters of the story. Grandpa, humorous and welcoming, is the only support that is given to Ellen. He has also taught Ellen the hard life as a cowboy and the effort that it may take. Detroit, loyal and obedient, is Allen's fierce mare and use of transportation that travels without rest or fear of what is to come. To get the story started, author Kathleen Due uses a strong introduction that describes the conflict or situation, an intense drought and its immense heat. She begins by stating the shortage of water and supplies.As said, the central problem consists of a fearful drought that is causing immense heat and water shortage. The farm windmill is broken and the herd of bulls and cows has scattered in search of water. Allen's father is away on business and Grandpa is hurt. E llen is now left alone with her toughest challenge to save the ranch. The central problem is soon resolved with Allen's determination and perseverance. The drought finally comes to an end and it begins to rain. Ellen heals Grandpa's wounds and returns the Hereford bull after a dangerous aisle.Her father is home safe and Ellen has proved her worth as a cowboy. â€Å"American Diaries: Ellen Elizabeth Hawkins† is an exciting and action-packed story. This story is similar to another story I have read, entitled â€Å"Warriors: Fire and Ice† because both main characters face tough challenges and fierce conditions. Both main characters must also prove their worth in being or becoming something. Both stories are also alike in that they revolve around a journey or conflict to find or save something. Just as in † American Diaries:

Frankenstein and Bladerunner Essay

A holistic understanding of a text can be only be pursued by the audience only when they are able to pinpoint the intended values of the composer and resonate these values with the time and context of the text. It is evident that through a comparative study of Mary Shelley’s 1818 novel Frankenstein together with Ridley Scott’s 1992 film Blade Runner, despite the one hundred year gap between the two texts, the values each composer wishes to deliver to the audience echo the concerns of humanity and its susceptibility against themselves.Frankenstein explores how humanity’s obsession with scientific and medical developments in the 19th Century while Blade Runner explores the societal vales of consumerism and capitalism in the 20th Century. Evidently, it is clear through the comparison of the texts as to how the social values of each society bring detrimental outcomes for humanity. A theme that is seen in Frankenstein is the danger of unrestrained scientific progress and creation, a theme most evident when Frankenstein bestows the â€Å"spark of life† upon his creature in his effort to â€Å"pour a torrent of light into our dark world†.Here Shelley alludes to the sciences of the period of enlightenment or in particular, Galvanism which held the belief that corpses could be reanimated through an electrical current, or â€Å"spark†. The characterization of Frankenstein serves to symbolize the desire of humanity to be able to create and control aspects of life which were limited to god. This becomes clearer as Frankenstein states, â€Å"A new species would bless me as its creator and source; many happy and excellent natures would owe their being to me. Here, Shelley uses a listing of descriptive language which embeds positive connotations in order to depict the naive hopes of humanity’s desire to create and control life and nature. As the plot unfolds, it becomes evident that this desire only leads to false hopes as Fra nkenstein’s creation states, â€Å"You are my creator, but I am your master; obey! †. Here, the paradoxical statement by the creation is indicative of how humanity’s desires will ultimately backfire when the power to create and control is unchecked and abused.Ultimately, the monster is responsible for the death of many associates of Frankenstein as well as Frankenstein himself which shows the ultimate backfire of scientific progresses on humanity. Scott’s Bladerunner recognizes the same flaws within humanity as Mary Shelly’s Frankenstein. He portrays a world where humanity’s hunger for power, control and technological advances ultimately leads to their downfall. In the opening scene, Scott portrays the dominating figure of Tyrell’s building through the use of a panoramic shot, where the large and tall building juxtaposes with the other buildings of the society.In order to give more focus on Tyrell’s building, a dolly shot is us ed and together with eerie background music, the director creates a mysterious atmosphere concerning Tyrell’s practices. Tyrell's company alludes to the rise of capitalism and consumerism in the twentieth century, where this lead to large transnational corporations being one of the dominant forces of globalization. This can be witnessed in the low angle shot of the high rise buildings, which embed Coca Cola and Pan Am Airlines advertisements through neon lighting.The forces of globalization can be further recognized with the oriental background music which accompanies the advertisements together with a follow up mid shot depicting a large screen with a Japanese geisha dominating the screen. This alludes to the dominant Asian culture in LA alludes to the aggressive Asian Tiger Economics of the late 20th century, where the drastic rise of Asian countries such as Japan and China was seen.Hence, by blending these notions of social values with the dystopian depiction of LA, where the continuous rainfall and the absence of sunlight indicates the destruction of nature and its endowments, Scott is foreshadowing a society which humanity has ultimately destroyed with their own hands. Once the responders understand the contextual influence on the two texts, the responders are then able to grasp the core idea of both texts – humanity’s negligence in their power. Both texts indicate the self-destructive nature of humanity’s empowerment to which responders can reflect upon in correlation with their contemporary society.Firstly, Frankenstein portrays how the ambition to redefine human limitations through creation is bound to result in failure, and accordingly create something monstrous. Frankenstein’s Creature is the very embodiment of the monstrosity that humans are capable of creating. The symbolism of light in, â€Å"until from the midst of this darkness a sudden light broke in upon me† conveys Victor’s instinctive awakenin g to the possibility of creating a perfect being impervious to diseases. The contrast between the ‘darkness’ and ‘light’ hints the didactic purpose which Shelley tries to convey to her responders.Such a taboo act of trespassing the domain of the divine providence signifies the beginning of Frankenstein’s blindness. Frankenstein is quick to realize that he has created a monster, as shown by the regretful tone in, â€Å"I beheld the wretch – the miserable monster whom I had created. † This depicts that untamed human ambition can lead to the inadvertent creation of the ‘grotesque’ and through this, Shelly is alluding to the ideology that creation is the work of God and should not be attempted by humanity. Blade Runner examines this notion of the negligence of humanity’s empowerment on a much broader scale than Frankenstein.This is achieved by depicting the detrimental consequences of humanity’s misuse of power up on an entire country. Frankenstein was a forewarning of the dangers of human ambition of that context, but Bladerunner portrays the aftermath of the overambitious quest for knowledge in the future if the misuse of power cannot be contained by depicting a dystopian world. Appropriately, the human beings in this alternate future seem artificial and lacking humanity except for the protagonist Deckard. Deckard is the primary voice of the director, where Scott portrays his ideas on how humanity should be living through the actions of Deckard.In Bladerunner, Deckard is a character who distances himself from the social norm of technology and the rigid structure of society. He is indicative of the traditional ‘human’ who responds emotionally and takes part in conventional human actions. Although this notion is strongly evidenced towards the end of the film, the director foreshadows Deckard’s humanitarian characteristics from the beginning of the film. The idea of Deckard holding human qualities can be witnessed in the scene when Deckard is reading the newspaper. A dolly shot is utilized by Scott in order to capture the setting of the city and gradually focus on Deckard.Through this shot, the responders recognize the strong juxtaposition between the social values and Deckard. Deckard is reading the traditional ‘newspaper’, whilst in the background, numerous television screens showing the news can be seen. This contrast in effect highlights that Deckard abides by the more ‘traditional’ conventions of humanity and through his heroic portrayal, it becomes evident that Scott wishes to address that in order for humanity to survive, it will require us to restrain ourselves from being too consumed with social cults and conventions which invoke control, creation and power.In order to fulfill an understanding of a text, responders need to identify and understand the true intentions of the composer. When both Frankenstein and Blade R unner are read on parallel, although their contexts are different, the problematic issues resonate with each other and furthermore, responders can also illustrate that these texts induces the responders to reflect on the contemporary society to understand that the social values of our time, although they may seem standard may be in fact detrimental for humanity.

Friday, August 30, 2019

Social Change and Modernization

* Define social change. What are the key features of social change? Provide four examples of social movements, current or past, and describe the key features of each movement. * * Define modernization. What are the key features of modernization? Provide four examples of modernization and describe the key features in each example. Social change can best be described as â€Å"the transformation of culture and social institutions over time and modernization, it has brought change to the way of life. The key features of social change are such things as event that are not planned, that could result in controversy, due to fast pace and even prolonged lasting. The four types of social movements are in no particular order are as followed: the first one would be alternative social movement, second the redemptive social movement, third the reformative social movement, and the fourth is the revolutionary social movement. I believe one of the key features of the alternative social movement is that it’s based and limited to smaller populations and is considered to be the less threatening of all four of them. Now as for the redemptive social movement one key feature is that it has a more extreme radical change which centers and targets individuals with the same belief. I believe MADD better known as mothers against drunk drivers is one good example of redemptive social movement. It bases its’ movement toward the stopping individuals from getting behind the wheel while their drunk or while their intoxicated. Now as for the reformative social movement, which targets everyone yet its ‘feature’s are of limited change. I believe through recycling is a prime example of social change with the reuse of products, the reduction of waste through the form of recycling. The last of the movements revolutionary social movement with the up most radical and a rather extreme change is the last of the movements. One prime example would be the Indian independence movement led by Ghandi which created such said movement. Modernization can best be described as a change that takes place during the occurring way into industrialization, with features that includes personal choice through expansion, resulting and the reduction of smaller ommunities, based on cultural background in way of diversity. One prime example can be said are the American expansion of cities. I n todays time an age more and more people live in cities rather than in smaller towns. Another form of Modernization can be said to be through communication in form of the internet, Cars with sense of more freedom due to different schedule’s and even housing because of the number of people living in the suburbs.

Thursday, August 29, 2019

International business in emerging economics Assignment - 1

International business in emerging economics - Assignment Example In addition, there are other benefits including availability of raw materials, affordable skilled labor and ready market. The continued efforts by governments and environmentalists to promote renewable energy are a major advantage for the company. The entry of EST in the Chinese solar panel manufacturing sector can be done through the adoption of a trade-based strategy. This strategy involves establishment of a factory that manufactures solar panels without using any subsidiaries. The development of a wholly owned factory is highly beneficial to the company since the company is able to streamline its operations according to favourable conditions of the company. China is one of the strongest emerging economies in the world having been catapulted by the economic reforms that were advanced in the 1970s. With a GDP of $ 9.24 trillion in 2013 (which is a 7.7% growth), China has shifted from a centrally planned economy to one that is market based (The World Bank 2014). The availability of raw materials, labor and ready market has made China to industrialize at a very fast pace. Among many technologies that have been advanced in the world, the manufacturing of solar panels is a major hit in the market today. Solar panels are being widely used in many countries of the world where there is adequate solar energy as a source of renewable energy. This is because solar energy is associated with diverse benefits including environmental safety and is a relatively cheaper source of energy. The solar panel manufacturing has demonstrated 15.5% growth rate for the period between 2009 and 2014 (IBISWorld 2014). In addition, there is an increase in the demand for solar panels in Africa and Asia. In an effort to enhance efficiency in the production of solar panels not only for consumption in China but all over the world, Ecofriends Solar Technologies endeavors to establish a manufacturing plant in China. This report puts into perspective an assessment developing such a plant in

Wednesday, August 28, 2019

Supply Chain Management - Benchmarking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Supply Chain Management - Benchmarking - Essay Example Coca-Cola Amatil Company (CCA) is the largest soft drink bottler in Australia. Its headquarters is at Sydney and it supplies to a host of countries in the Asia-Pacific region. In Australia, where it has a 60 percent share of the soft drink market, Coca-Cola Amatil has eight manufacturing and more than 70 distribution sites, each with different products and distribution requirements. It requires several suppliers across many countries to supply various products that go into manufacture of its soft drinks and juices. The presentation covers the need and importance of Supply Chain Management (SCM) for the company. Purchase is the foundation of making an effective Supply Chain. A good purchase will often result in better margins. Organizations have specialist purchase departments. They are informed of the requirements and in turn they organize purchases according to previously laid down policies of the organization or company. Larger organization may have more than one purchasers or even a group of people making purchase decisions. Since there are individuals who finally make decisions their judgment, whether individually or in groups, are influenced by the environment they work in. Kohli (1989) proposed that influence is a function of personal resources or power. Every person has a demographic background that largely consists of his personal resources comprising mainly of ethics and education. His decision is influence by these. The status hierarchy determines the level of power but that can be moderated by the influence of the size, similarity and cohesiveness of the group he works in and th e risk, time and pressure of the situation. These factors when combined influence behaviour in purchase decisions. Sheth (1973) maintains that the psychological world of the decision makers affects purchasing behaviour. This will include the special

Tuesday, August 27, 2019

Accounting Princeple Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Accounting Princeple - Essay Example (Schroeder, Clark and Cathey, 2010 p21) This is a write-out set to discuss the issue of professional ethics of accounting breach and more specifically it will pick one case that has occurred relating to this, which is a documented example. The study will give a comprehensive unfolding of events of this case. The case to be discussed is that of Bernie Madoff, who was sentenced in mid-year 2009 for his involvement in investors’ defrauding. This went down as one of the largest cases of its kind. Bernie was sentenced to a 150-year jail term. This process of defrauding commenced few decades before 2009 and the main set up to deceive investors was the Ponzi scheme that was to pose as an investment management organization. The firm operating this kind of business was Bernard L. Madoff Securities Limited Liability Company. In such aforementioned scheme, the manager just utilizes money obtained from the new entrant investors to cater for the payment of the already existing ones. This, thus, is a payment not based on the firm’s returns as would have been expected professionally. Ponzi schemes are renowned for their rapid caving in, but the case of Bernard was different. He was popular, reputable as well as a person with strong personal contacts, which enabled his prolonged survival. (Reeve, Duchac and Warren, 2011 p5) The Bernard Madoff case according to bizcovering.com website was that of a mega-thief. He was an auditor in New York. This auditor was discovered to have been appending signatures upon financial statements that were fraudulent. Following the scandal, an employee of Bernard Madoff, Friehling is facing a jail term as well. The fraudulent actions occurred from 1991 through 2008 and they were organized from the storefront set up in New York. The conviction of Mister Friehling was because of several ethically incorrect issues in the field of accounting with the inclusion of abetting as well as aiding adviser

Monday, August 26, 2019

The effects of achol on the health,mental power, and relations of Research Paper

The effects of achol on the health,mental power, and relations of users - Research Paper Example Medical doctors have recently conducted an exploration that revealed a lot of alcohol consumption consequences. For instance, they found out that often alcohol usage leads to an advanced liver disease which can even not be noticeable for a long time; however, when a person starts accidentally feeling sick, one’s liver is happened to be totally and irreversibly ill (â€Å"Chronic Effects of Alcohol† 381). The liver disease is one of the most frequent consequences of chronic alcohol usage and most frequently happens in medical practice. However, the number one harm that a drinker might do to his own organism is getting one of the multiple cardiovascular system diseases that alcohol usage leads to. The point is that the cardiac muscle is prone to damage when a person drinks alcohol, because it loses its ability to keep itself in tone. Thus in some time the muscle can become weaker and a drinker will get such serious heart conditions as hypertension and ischemia, which late r will probably become the reasons for a heart attack (Brien et.al. 480). Furthermore, scientific researches denote that even a rare usage of alcohol could become an activator of an aerodigestive cancer (a cancer of upper respiratory tract and some upper gastrointestinal organs) (Zeka, Gore and Kriebel 897). Even though there are still not enough proofs to claim that alcohol usage could possibly be a reason for cancer, still the damages it causes are vast enough to become the first steps to cancer disease. Besides, scientific researchers have proven that alcohol usage harmfully influences human mortality and can significantly reduce a person’s duration of life. This happens not only because of the harm that alcohol does to human organism, but also it concerns a big amount of lethal accidents that happen to people because they are under alcohol inebriety (Carpenter and Dobkin 164). The most widespread cases of alcohol usage consequences are motor vehicle fatalities that

Sunday, August 25, 2019

Dress is a marker of national identity; discuss in relation to Coursework

Dress is a marker of national identity; discuss in relation to specific dress codes and their contexts, such as the veil and its history - Coursework Example A classification of these dress codes is usually created for wavering levels of reserve and at times the time of day. Such instances include the traditional Western culture of dressing where different gender’s dress styles portrayed the type of work and even status. In real instances, the type of dress is either followed naturally or influenced by peer pressure. This is to why people within a specific nation or society wear the same clothing in the same condition. In this analysis, this paper will concentrate on specific dress codes and the reasons they are still makers of national identity. The veil is a very old type of dressing that was mostly associated with the Islamic society. It, however, originates from the ancient European society. This included Greeks, Romans, Hittites and Persians. In addition, the Assyrian culture also wore this type of dressing. Looking at the Assyrian beliefs of the veil, it was associated with class and also gender inferences. The first recorded time it was used was with the Assyrian women back in the 13th century.2 During this period, an Assyrian veil was meant to bring class distinction and in fact the Assyrian law prohibited farmhand women and even prostitutes from putting it on. The women who went against this particular law of wearing the veil were heavily punished. In the Persia community, those women who went to public meetings were supposedly required to wear the veil. The wealthy and high class Persians used it to hide their ladies from the public eye. In a matter of years of spread, the veil then spread throughout Middle East, amidst the Persian downfall. During the colonial regime in northern Africa, women wore veils by force as a sign of their opposition against the French, who wanted them to remove them and copy the French customs and laws. This, as a result, became a

Saturday, August 24, 2019

Application of strategic planning in an organization Case Study

Application of strategic planning in an organization - Case Study Example Strategic planning is an organizational process of laying out strategies and making fine-grained decisions on resource allocation towards achieving the goals of the organization. A strategically managed organization defines its prospects in the future by looking at its current position and implementing changes through perfectly structured procedures. It requires an understanding of the current position of the business and the possible ways through which it can meets the organizational goals. Most organizations use their missions and visions to determine the strategies required to achieve that its objectives and build alignment to the vision and strategic plan. The ability of organization to execute its strategic plans is therefore directly affected by its ability to understand and make a clear presentation of the strategy to the employees, shareholders and managers of the organization. For most organizations, it is important to build a successful tool for implementing and managing th e overall business strategy. This calls for the development of a balanced scorecard and applying the concept of strategic mapping in the aligning the organization's units. A balanced scorecard is a business presentation model that allows the organization to relate its financial and non-financial aspects for strategic planning of the business goals and prospects. Present day organizations find it increasingly difficult to remain competitive because the strategies used and the business issues change constantly whereas the tools for measuring the effectiveness of these strategies record very minimal change. Many organizations use tools that measure success based on tangible assets whereas constant changes in technology dictate that all business units be linked together to meet the principals of strategic management. A balanced scorecard can be used to link the intangible and the tangible assets and help eliminate most of the challenges faced by modern day organizations. The scorecard c oncept is built upon good design guidelines for the business units to describe and implement their strategies by mapping strategic objectives into performance in different perspectives which include internal processes, customers, finance and learning and growth. These perspectives provide relevant feedback on the progress of the strategic plan of any given organization so that adjustments and efficient changes can be made where necessary. In addition to measuring the current performance of the organization towards meeting its goals, a Scorecard evaluates the firm's efforts for future improvement based on its progress in terms of profit creation and provision of satisfactory service to its customers. It signifies a quantitative and qualitative performance and multidimensional balance between the firm’s short-term and long-term objectives, financial and non-financial measures, lagging and leading indicators, and the internal and external performance. Strategy maps display the q ualitative measures such as employee satisfaction, consumer loyalty and corporate mission that transform a balanced scorecard from performance measurement to a performance management tool that is strategically driven. By using strategy maps of cause and effect, intangible assets can be manipulated combined with other assets for value addition to produce goods and services that meet the consumers’ needs and demands. Strategy maps illustrate the transformation of intangible assets into tangible consumer products and provide a strategic framework to look into a value creation strategy in the internal business process. The strategy map view of a Scorecard presents the organization’s strategy with a series of linked objectives that explain the important priorities for the organization. It also holds specific measures that represent expected level of success and strategic initiatives for the organization. The concept of strategy mapping can be explained and implemented in an organization by taking into

Friday, August 23, 2019

Business Management (Forum Post and Reply) Essay

Business Management (Forum Post and Reply) - Essay Example Personal planning involves setting up objectives for personal life. An example would be a plan to lose weight or start exercising. Another example of personal planning is to allocate time for family, friends, and work so that work life balance can be achieved. Planning and organizing are different in the sense that planning involves setting up future goals and actions plans while organizing has more to do with arranging resources in order to achieve those goals. Organizing in management means to assemble resources to implement the action plan that is designed in the planning process. It is, therefore, safe to say that both planning and organizing complement each other. My former boss always kept himself involved in the work of employees. His involvement was appreciated by employees because one can always turn to him for help. My former boss also took responsibility for his subordinates which is why everyone liked him. He also encouraged debate and consulted everyone before taking decisions like setting up night shifts. This is another positive leadership trait because it is essential to keep everyone on board. One negative leadership trait of my former boss was that he was tough on bad performance. This is a negative trait because he used to lose his temper sometimes while talking to employees regarding performance issues. Another good leadership trait was that he was decisive and never got confused in making decisions. This is a must in every leader because this separates a leader with a follower. Being decisive is important to move forward for a leader and this is why it is a positive trait (Schyns & Meindl, 2006, 279). My former company used control tools like traditional feedbacks to inform the subordinates regarding their position and performance in the company. This feedback was given verbally by immediate supervisors and the whole process was not very formal. I would give a grade B to the feedback process of my former company

Thursday, August 22, 2019

Schools of Strategic Management Thought Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Schools of Strategic Management Thought - Essay Example The key characteristic of the Environmental School of Strategic Management Thought is that business is considered as closely depended on its environment – being unable, in a way, to take initiatives that would support its various activities. In accordance with Sadler (2003) the specific School of Strategic Management Thought is based on the contingency theory. In this context, it is noted that businesses that are influenced by the Environmental School of Strategic Management Thought have the following characteristics: a) their strategic decisions are likely to be influenced by the organizational environment, b) all organization’s decisions and activities need to be aligned with the environment, c) the leaders of these organizations do not have power to act independently; rather they should focus on identifying the conditions of the organizational environment and ensure the alignment of the business decisions with these conditions, d) businesses that follow the rules of the specific School of Strategic Management Thought are finally become unable to keep their identity and to realize their goals; this result to the gradual loss of the power of the organization to face the environmental conditions – which are likely to become hostile; in the long term, this phenomenon could lead the organization to stop its operations. In accordance with Matthews (2005) the Environmental School of Strategic Management Thought is based on ‘strategy formation as a reactive process’ (Matthews, 2005, p.29).

Therapeutic Cloning Essay Example for Free

Therapeutic Cloning Essay Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Cloning is the practice of creating a genetically the same copy of an original creature. And although it seems like twentieth-century idea, cloning is actually a part of natural processes, and had taken place many decades before though it was attainable. Since a variant of the cloning process plays such a large role in stem therapies, it’s worth taking a look at how cloning processes work (Cohen, 2002).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Most public attention has been focused on the area called reproductive cloning – reproducing an entire creature be it frog, sheep, dog, or human being. As the twenty-first century unfolds, it is far more likely that what has been called therapeutic cloning – cloning used to cure disease – is going to have a more immediate impact on all our lives. Your chances of getting a cloned liver are greater than your chances of seeing a cloned you (Avise, 2004). Therapeutic Cloning   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Relative to genetic testing, therapeutic cloning is a technology very much in its infancy. Whereas we can plausibly predict, that genetic testing methods and the scope of such tests will dramatically improve in the proximate future, a like projection in the case of therapeutic cloning is more of a stretch. This view notwithstanding, analysis of current regulation of therapeutic cloning does have something to gain from postulating a future world in which therapeutic cloning is in clinical application (Savulescu Hendrick, 2003).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One likely application of therapeutic cloning is in the treatment of leukemia, and more broadly in various types of tissue and organ transplantation. Therapeutic cloning is important for four seasons. First, there is a shortage of tissue for transplantation. Second, there are problems with compatibility of transplanted tissue form another individual, requiring immunosuppressive therapy with serious side effects. Cloned tissue would be compatible without the infectious risks of xenotransplants. Third, the role of transplantation might be expanded to include common diseases such as heart attack and stroke. Fourth, cloning may prove to be a cost-efficient means of preventing disability and morbidity, and of promoting distributive justice (Shannon, 2005).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In considering the ethical aspects of therapeutic cloning there are two separate issues: should embryos produced during in vitro fertilization (IVF), which would otherwise be discarded, be available for research (with the consent of the couple who produced them); and, should we deliberately create embryos for use in research? It is difficult to argue against using embryos that would otherwise be discarded. The main ethical issue raised by both the production of ES cells and therapeutic cloning, is that of destroying embryos for the purposed of research or tissue for transplantation. If the embryo is considered to have a moral status similar to, say, a child, them embryo research would normally be wrong. On this view, IVF and almost any termination of pregnancy would also be wrong. A less absolute position would be that what is wrong with destroying embryos is a need to respect human life in general. But that wrong need to be balanced against the value of such research. Furthermore, for every live birth, up to five embryos will miscarry. In attempting to have a child by natural conception, we implicitly accept that this loss is a price worth paying to produce a new life. If the loss of embryos is an acceptable price to pay to produce a new life, is it not also an acceptable price to pay to save an existing life (Avise, 2004)? Tissue Therapy via Therapeutic Cloning   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   More than 40 years elapsed since Joseph Murray and his colleagues at a Boston hospital successfully transplanted a kidney between identical twins. This landmark approach was later extended by the medical community to other organs (e.g., heart, liver, lung, and pancreas) and to transplants involving more distant relatives and unrelated individuals. Transplants between unrelated individuals are especially challenging because, unless ameliorative actions are taken, the immune system of a transplant recipient sooner or later rejects the alien cells. To alleviate this problem, donor and recipient typically are matched as closely as possible for genes underlying immune responses, and immune-suppressive drugs also are administered. Such procedures are fairly common and have saved many lives. Nonetheless, modern transplantation surgery remains risky due to inherent immunological intolerances of patients to foreign tissue (Cohen, 2002).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Thus, many research professionals are excited about â€Å"therapeutic cloning,† a new genetically modified (GM) approach that in theory should avoid the immunorejection problem. In this procedure, genes in cells to be transplanted originate from the patient, who therefore serves in effect as both donor and recipient. Because the donor and recipient tissues have identical genotypes, presumably the immune system would not recognize the implanted tissue alien. Another reason for enthusiasm about therapeutic cloning is that this research gives scientists welcome opportunities for basic research on human genetic disorders as they unfold during cell and tissue development (Bellomo, 2006).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The notion of therapeutic cloning for tissue or organ reconstruction in humans traces to the development of nuclear-transfer cloning methods for sheep and other farm animals. As applied to human cells, the procedure might work as follows: A suitable cell is removed from a patient and its nucleus is inserted physically into an enucleated egg. The egg then begins to multiply in a test tube, and, from the developing mass, pluripotent cells (those that possess a capacity to differentiate into multiple tissue types) are induced to grow replacement cells needed by the patient. Nerve cells might be grown to treat Alzheimer’s disease or spinal cord injuries, skin cells could be used to repair burn damage, retinal cells for macular degeneration, pancreatic cells for diabetes, hematopoietic cells for leukemia, neuroglia cells for multiple sclerosis, and so on. When returned to the patient’s body the cloned cells in such tissues or organs ideally would repair or replace the damaged body part, without evoking immunological rejections (Avise, 2004).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Several technical challenges must be overcome before this approach is medically viable. First, nuclear transfer (NT) techniques developed for farm animals will have to be improved and adapted to our species. Second, cells in the proliferating mass must be generated in such a way that they indeed are pluripotent at the outset. Third, the developmental potential of those flexible cells then must be channeled to produce the specialized kind of tissue that the patient requires. Fourth, methods must be devised to put those now-dedicated cells together properly to make therapeutically useful tissue or organ. This may take place naturally when the cells are placed in a patient’s body, or in some cases it may be accomplished initially in vitro. For example, replacement skin tissue for burn victims might be constructed by seeding the cloned cells onto sheets of a polymeric scaffolding substance. Finally, tissue therapy must be conducted such that the cloned cells do no harm when returned to the patient. It would be disastrous, for example, if even a few cells in the transplanted tissue began to divide in an unregulated, cancerous fashion (Shannon, 2005).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Of course, ethical issues will have to be addressed as well. When the initial oocyte created by NT begins to divide into two cells, then four, then eight, and so on, when does the cloned mass become a new human being worthy of protection under the law? Opponents of therapeutic cloning often contend that an individual arises at the exact moment that the first appears, such that any sacrifice of an early cell mass, even for medical purposes, is tantamount to slaughter. Proponents of therapeutic cloning view this notion as nonsense. How, they as, can a few amorphous cells be granted legal rights that take precedence over those of sentient human beings is desperate need of cell therapy? Remarkably, in US society, most of the debate over the possible legalization of therapeutic cloning hinges on this one emotion-laden philosophical issue (Bellomo, 2006).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In such public discussions, a common error (or often, an intentional argumentative ploy) is to equate therapeutic cloning with reproductive cloning. Although the initial laboratory steps in the two procedures are identical – both begin by inserting a cell nucleus into an unfertilized egg – that is where the similarity ends. In reproductive cloning, the GM egg would be re-implanted in the womb and allowed to grow into a fetus and baby, the intent being to generate a fully functional and independent human being genetically identical to its predecessor. In therapeutic cloning, the early clump of pre-implantation cells that comes from the GM egg would be grown in vitro and used to produce replacement tissues for medical rehabilitation (Avise, 2004). Elimination or Treating Heritable Diseases via Therapeutic Cloning   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Although therapeutic cloning does not reproduce an entire organism to develop in utero and live life outside the womb, one motivation for reproductive cloning might be therapeutic. Reproductive cloning could allow genetic engineering interventions to correct defective genes before they have a chance to exert detrimental effects. Correction at the earliest stage would also free germ or reproductive cells and hence subsequent generations from carrying the defective gene (Savulescu Hendrick, 2003).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Certain genetic disorders may enhance certain universal human vulnerabilities, such as those to infection, bleeding, and aging. Beyond increasing these, everyone has inherited vulnerability to some disease or diseases. We would all like to be free from the threat of heart disease, cancer, diabetes, hypertension, and Alzheimer’s disease. Therapeutic cloning might substantially improve the treatment for these diseases since therapy for these is currently limited by the availability or immunocompatibility of tissue transplants (Avise, 2004).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Among the genetic disorders, some are so highly heritable and horrific that we might wish to employ reproductive cloning to enable the use of genetic engineering to correct the defective gene. That would free the clone and all subsequent generations from their ravaging impact (Savulescu Hendrick, 2003).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   However, reproductive cloning is an inefficient and error-probe process that results in the failure of most clones during development. For a donor nucleus to support development it must properly activate genes important for early embryonic development, it must properly activate genes important for early embryonic development and suppress differentiation-associated genes that were transcribed in the original donor cell. Inadequate â€Å"reprogramming† of the donor nucleus is thought to be the principal reason for the developmental loss of most clones. In contrast, reprogramming errors do not appear to interfere with therapeutic cloning, because the process appears to select for functional cells (Shannon, 2005). Ethics of Therapeutic Cloning   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Can therapeutic cloning be ethically tolerable? Debates about the theory of proportionality, the slippery slope and the principle of subsidiarity here center again in a little dissimilar way (Savulescu Hendrick, 2003).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is uncertain whether the principle of proportionality offers a believable a priori opposition against therapeutic cloning. If it is well thought-out suitable to make embryos for study aiming cryopreservation of oocytes; in vitro maturation of oocytes and the like, then it is contradictory to decline therapeutic cloning in advance as being disproportional (Avise, 2004).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A consequentialist opposition, as a slippery-slope disagreement, is that therapeutic cloning will unavoidably direct to reproductive cloning. This objection firstly presumes that reproductive cloning is necessarily and categorically wrong, a premise still debated. Clearly, it would be premature, if not criminally irresponsible, in view of the serious health risks for children conceived by cloning to start clinical trials on reproductive cloning right now. But what if, somewhere in the future, these risks could be controlled? Would cloning then still be entirely baseless – even if it were ‘safe’ – then it is practical to exclude reproductive cloning, and not to forbid other, non-reproductive, relevance of cloning (Bellomo, 2006).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Are there suitable alternatives to therapeutic cloning? First, it is important to note that therapeutic cloning strictu sensu, starting with the first clinical trials, will not come up soon. Much basic research is needed, about the question whether it will be possible to control the differentiation of human embryonic stem (hES) cells in vitro. This study can, and ought to, be made with additional IVF embryos. At the same time, research into potential ‘embryo-saving’ alternatives for therapeutic cloning should be stimulated. For the relative ethical examination it is once more essential to evade the drawback of one-dimensionality. Amongst others, the following options are suggested in the literature: a) the use of adult stem cells; b) transferring a human somatic cell nucleus into an enucleated animal egg; and c) the direct reprogramming of adult cells, i.e., to reprogram an adult cell to make it revert to it unspecialized state so that it can then be influenced to develop into a specific type of tissue (this involves the development of undifferentiated cells without the need to create an embryo) (Shannon, 2005). Summary and Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Cloning can be divided into therapeutic and reproductive cloning. Therapeutic cloning is the use of cloning technology to produce, for example, tissues for transplantation to people with disease. Reproductive cloning is cloning to produce a liveborn offspring (Avise, 2004).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The possibility of therapeutic cloning focuses on the concept of stem cells. Stem cells have the ability to develop into different mature cell types. Totipotent stem cells are cells with the potential to form a complete animal if placed in a uterus. They are early embryos. Pluripotent stem cells are immature stem cells with the potential to develop into any of the mature cell types in the adult (liver, lung, skin, blood etc.), but cannot by themselves form a complete animal if placed in a uterus. Human embryonic stem (ES) cell lines obtained from the inner cell mass of the blastocyst or pre-implantation embryo have recently been established. ES cells are pluripotent. Possible future clinical applications of human ES cell technology include: hemopoietic repopulation (‘bone marrow transplant’); treatment of diseases or spinal cord injury; screening of drugs; and as vectors for gene therapy (Cohen, 2002).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   We should distinguish reproductive cloning with a therapeutic intent from therapeutic cloning to produce stem cells. Most of us are familiar with the nightmare scenario of reproductively cloning a person in order to use him as possession for â€Å"spare parts.† Parents who conceive children in the hope that the new child would be a good match immunologically to donate an organ needed by an existing child contribute to this image. With a child cloned from the original, there would be no doubt that the needed organ would perfectly match the recipient immunologically. Creating a person to be a source of spare parts is not what therapeutic cloning is about (Bellomo, 2006).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Therapeutic cloning provides hope for cures or better medical treatment for people with many diseases. These include many of the genetic disorders for which reproductive cloning with a therapeutic intent might be entertained, but they also include diseases that are not necessarily genetic. A therapeutic cloning, cells are extracted from an embryo to clone specific bodily tissues for medical use, particularly transplantation. Type I or juvenile diabetes is one example of a disease that might be cured by therapeutic cloning to produce stem cells. Without contradiction, we can condemn reproductive cloning and at the same time, if we choose, support research with embryonic stem cells (Cohen, 2002). References: Avise, J. C. (2004). The Hope, Hype Reality of Genetic Engineering: Remarkable Stories from Agriculture, Industry, Medicine and the Environment. New York: Oxford University Press US. Bellomo, M. (2006). The Stem Cell Divide: The Facts, the Fiction, and the Fear Driving the Greatest Scientific, Political, and Religious Debate of Our Time: AMACOM Div American Mgmt Assn. Cohen, D. (2002). Cloning. Brookfield, Connecticut: Twenty-First Century Books. Savulescu, J., Hendrick, J. (2003). Medical Ethics and Law: The Core Curriculum. New York: Elsevier Health Sciences. Shannon, T. A. (2005). Genetics: Science, Ethics, and Public Policy : a Reader. New York: Rowman Littlefield.

Wednesday, August 21, 2019

The Genting Highlands Resort

The Genting Highlands Resort Introduction Genting Highlands Malaysia is a city known as the Fun City above the Cloud, as it is quite similar to Las Vegas which isnt actually all that close. The primary draw is that, Genting is one of the hotspot in Malaysia where you can gamble legally. Whereas, there is also a theme park to keep the kids amused. The atmosphere located at that area is cooler than the steamy lowlands. Theme Park The cool air makes it an exhilarating experience to enjoy many outdoor rides. Whether taking leisure drives in the Antique car or experiencing the adrenaline pumping Space Shot, its a wonderful and magical adventure of fun and excitement for the family. Casino The casino at Genting offers a host of exciting international-level games, among the most popular games like for an example, Roulette, Baccarat, Blackjack, and Caribbean Stud Poker. Jackpot machines are one of the tourist attractions too. International class shows and live entertainment provide the accompanying glamour. Hotels Genting Highlands resort has approximately six hotels, which is First World Hotel, Genting Hotel, Highlands Hotel, Theme Park Hotel, Resort Hotel, Maxims Hotel and Awana Genting Highlands Golf Country Resort at the mid-hill which is total up offering up to approximately 10,000 hotel rooms. The prices for these hotels are approximately affordable where First World Hotel is one of the cheapest among all. 2 History The story of Genting, is that most Malaysians will recognize it as synonymous with the rise of its name, Hill Resort and Genting Highlands Resort are the most popular hotels in Genting Malaysia up until now. Many may not have truly appreciated the mammoth task involved in the construction and the resources and reserves mobilized to ensure what it has proven up to today to be an unprecedented successful in resort development itself. In the beginning stages, the idea of a hill resort was brought up by the late Tan Sri Lim Goh Tong amidst the crisp air of Cameron Highlands in 1963. Tan Sri Lim Goh Tong was working on a project on hydro-electric power at the most popular hill resort, which is patronized mainly by the British colonials seeking cool refuges from the tropical heat itself, as when he foresaw a prosperous Malaysia of the future desiring a cool-air mountain holiday resort within the reach of all Malaysians, this is when the great idea was brought upon. Besides that, on 18 Aug 1964, a technical and construction team began the task that would take approximately four years to complete the access road between Genting Sempah towards the peak of Gunung Ulu Kali. By ensuring the sound pollution and prompt construction of the hotel-resort, Tan Sri Lim Goh Tong has to spend all of his time, capital and resources, including the reserves of his family company, Kien Huat Bhd towards the making of his so called dream resort. Furthermore, since after the opening of their first hotel in 1971, Genting Highlands Resort has continued to grow from strength-to-strength. Whereas, the development of that area has continued to this present day to enhance Genting Highlands Resort as one of the premier holiday destination in the Malaysia/Asia while ensuring that the natural beauty of the rain forest is taken care of. In 1996, Genting Highlands Resort further developed its facility attraction by constructing a transportation shuttle service which is called Genting Skyway cable car which is as long as 3.38km transportation towards the hill-top. Genting Skyway is recognized as one of the Worlds Fastest Mono Cable Car in 2002 with an optimum speed of 20.7km per-hour, plus it is the Longest Cable Car in Malaysia and towards SEA region.http://www.genting.com/images/history4a.jpg Their mission is to be committed towards innovation and the adoption of new technology to achieve great competitive advantage and to pursue personnel policies and by rewarding employees which that has great performance in their montly/yearly job and contributions and also provide proper training for employees, development and opportunities for career advancement. 3 Business Genting Highlands Resort Genting Resort is one of Southeast Asias major holiday destinations in Asia and a holiday desired destination in Malaysia, attracting visitors from all over Malaysia, Singapore and all over the world, mainly the Asia-Pacific region. Hotels The six hotels at the Resort itself Maxims, Genting Hotel, Theme Park Hotel, First World Hotel, Highlands Hotel and Resort Hotel with approximately total of about 10,000 hotel rooms, an overall occupancy rate of 68% in 2003. Also, It particularly attracts tourist from all over countries like Singapore, China, Indonesia and Taiwan. Conventions Genting international convention centre is a place dedicated for Incentives, Meeting, Conventions and Exhibitions at the resort itself. Approximately over total of 2,208 functions were held at the convention centre during the year of 2003. Shopping and Food Beverage (FB) Shopping and FB like First World Plaza is a special-cooling shopping paradise in Malaysia, it comes with an offer for visitors to have an experience of dining, shopping and entertainment. First World Plaza has exactly 49 FB outlets, 87 retail shops and kiosks, 21 rides and attractions and 6 leisure and entertainment outlets under one area. A range of merchandise and products are sold at many branded retail outlets, such as Camel Active, B.U.M Equipment, Dockers, Apex Pharmacy, Levis, Nike, Addidas and many more. Genting Theme Park The main satisfaction comes from Genting Theme Park itself, which comprises exactly 51 rides and attractions up to 600 video games simulators at the Resorts Outdoor and Indoor Theme Parks and at the First World Plaza, continues to live up to its theme of giving endless and excitement fun time at the peak of Genting Malaysia. 4 S Strengths Genting Malaysia Has a strong brand name in the local market and good reputation among customers. Great location which is located in a hill-top where people can enjoy cooler weather and the breathtaking views which is wonderful. It is easy to be accessed by either car or bus about an hour drive from KL. It is also accessible by the worlds fastest and SEAs longest cable car called Genting Skyway which is 3.38km long Genting Group provides a wide range of facilities and services including hospitality and leisure business and its activities cover seaside resorts, hotels, gaming, theme parks and entertainment for the total comfort of all customers/guests. W Weakness High maintenance and cost of repairs of broken stuffs/leakage Lack of financial resources. Lack of information provided regarding the rooms rates and details in their official website. The Customer related processes are not efficient enough O Opportunities Improving their current system and offering more features and services is good chance for Genting Hotels Group to increase sales and attract more customers locally and globally. Use of Internet, social networks and blogs to attract new customers and maintain the loyalty of the excising once. Alliances with travel agencies are good opportunities for Genting Highlands to attract more guests globally. Growth of Internet users in Malaysia which brings opportunities for new market strategies T-Threat Increasing the number of hackers and unauthorized accessed through internet and some Customers still afraid of transact money through internet, they do not trust online payment because of credit card fraud. The economic is slowing down and all exterior changes. Increased the number of competitors due an expanding in the gaming market in the same region. For instance, Macau and Singapore. The highly competitive challenges in the hotels industry and the increasing the number of stronger competitors as well as the price war and the lower costs provided by competitors. 6 Physical evidence For physical evidence, the main important part is the service itself. Which is by providing good products, the company should also provide good services, for an example, the casino, and hotels. For hotels, First world hotel is as low as RM127 per night and the facilities they provide is business center, casino, coffee shop, concierge, disabled facilities, meeting facilities, restaurant, safety deposit boxes, shops. For Tune Hotel, it is RM150 per night. The facilities they provide are Air conditioning, breakfast OR 2 people room provided on hourly basis, Gym, Swimming pool, 24 hours security. There are NO casino competitors out there in the whole of Malaysia. Product For Genting Highland, they have quite a few main key products, which is that their products are separated into four categories of products. One of the types is, Theme parks for those who love to have excitement and adventure. There are also casinos, for those who are very attracted to gambling. Theres also the Genting international convention center, for those who is serious about work can held meetings there. And lastly, for every customer that goes to Genting Highland, their hotels. Place By having a good location in a business point of view is the most important of all. Genting Highland have the best strategic location anywhere else in Malaysia for relaxing, mostly its because of the cold weather only us as Malaysians can experience. It is one of the key points that will attract customers who love cold weathers in Malaysia. Pricing For pricing, there is not an issue at all. Genting Malaysia Bhd monopolizes the whole of Genting Highland. For example, if anyone were to visit Genting Highland, there would be no choice but to stay in their hotels, because they are the only hospitality service provider. In fact, if Genting Malaysia rises the prices of hotels, we would have no choice but to stay in them. Promotion For promotion, Genting Malaysia emphasize so much on their advertising that they covered everything there is to advertising. Their campaign for the company of advertising are, newspapers, TV commercials, radios, magazines, and website. They even have promotional packages that is only particular to that one season of festive. Genting Malaysia also have a member card, called World Card this card is only for members only. What privileges that members can get its by getting discounted hotel prices, and food. 7 People For people, Genting Malaysia Bhd is mostly based as a hospitality service provider for example, hotel check-in and check-out, ticket selling, and room services. These are the operations that provide with first contact to the guests or customers which will involve the staffs and facilities. It is so crucial to treat guests or customers with politeness, and friendliness, because this will help create values to guests or customers by increasing their satisfaction level. For example, their hotel lobbys are big enough so that it get crowded when there is a lot of people walking in and out, and with a lot of ticket counters there will not be a problem of slow service. Process Lastly, process. This is like behind the scene of how Genting Malaysia are able to get good staffs to operate in a daily basis. Basically there are three stages in this process, which is recruiting, training and development. About recruiting, Genting Malaysia gets their recruitment from web based, and also walk in, they will then sort out their recruitment by age, academic background, and working experience. After that, even though new or old employees will undergo training, this is to have them master their skills in facial and body language talk, and communication skills. This is somewhat the most important skills to learn of all, because if there is good customer service, there are always happy customers. Lastly, the development stage. What the development stage does is to transfer or rotate jobs around the company, this will help staffs to learn different things and develop different skills, and of course to keep the staffs excited when changing into new roles in the company. 8 Customer service issues on Genting Malaysia Internet In Genting Malaysia, when internet access is free in almost every restaurant, hotels, customers are annoyed that Genting Malaysia is continuing to charge for the fees. After the customers paid for the fees, the connection are either unreliable or very slow. Untidy room Cleanliness must be a top priority as a dirty room does not only spoil the hotel reputation but turns the customers stay into an inconvenient one. Bedbugs have been found in some of the rooms at First World Hotel. It may be due to the signs of untidiness, or dusty and smelly rooms, or unclean bathrooms. In order to gain customers loyalty, the cleanliness of hotel rooms is a top priority. Uncooperative and rude staff By having uncooperative and rude staffs, it will ruin the image of Genting Malaysia. Customer wants to be treated with pleasure and kindness. Showing bad attitudes from staffs is a major dissatisfaction Noise One of the main purpose customers stay in hotel is, relaxation. Noise pollution will make customers dissatisfied as they will not be sleeping well. Whereas, the image of the hotel will be downgraded towards customers perspective Extra Room Charge In First World Hotel, sometimes the hotel are overcharging the rooms price. Extra Room Charge is one of the most hated things that customers have to hear when they are staying in hotels. Who would want to pay for something they unknowingly spent for? Complaints in hotel never do end as long as they charge the customers for something that they do not need in the first place. Hotels must clearly indicate the cost of every service or feature that must be paid for be it the use of the television, or the food. Housekeeping Ignoring the Do Not Disturb Sign Invasion of privacy is one usual hotel complaints that customers do when they feel like the housekeeping staff is checking what they are doing in the comforts of their hotel room. The customers pay for the room to relax and not a pain in the neck. Unfortunately, housekeeping personnel follow a strict schedule when making rounds and doing room cleaning so they have no choice but to do it even if the room is currently occupied. They need to peek in to check it out whether the guest is occupying the room or not. 9 Latest Venture Genting Malaysia announce acquisition of the echelon site on the strip and outline plans to build a 2$ billion hotel-casino complex on the 87-acre development halted by the onset of the recession almost five years ago. This will help Genting Malaysia to expend their business throughout the world, and people will take notice of their business and the company will have a high reputation towards their customers. Genting Malaysia will also benefit from business from around the world, from earnings and recognition. 10 Conclusion As a conclusion, with various strengths and strategies that Genting Malaysia has, it has a high ability to take advantages of every opportunity that can bring Genting Malaysia one step ahead. Their strengths and strategies can help them to encounter any threats that come across them. It is believed that it could help Genting Malaysia in building a stronger brand name and image, also to capture a bigger market share in the hotel and theme park industry. 11 Recommendation Resort World Genting is known for city of entertainment. It is recommended for travellers who likes to gamble and so on. There are more than six hotels at Resort World Genting, the hotels consists of Genting Grand, Highlands hotel, Resort Hotel, Theme Park Hotel, First World Hotel, and Awana Genting Highlands. And there also budget motel which is located near the Theme Park, so budget travellers doesnt need to worry about spending too much money. Besides that, the Casino De Genting is another main attraction of the whole Resort World Genting. Casino De Genting is Asias Best International Casino Resort, Casino De Genting is the perfect place to be when it comes to sophisticated gaming and excitement. So for people who likes to play slots, table games, and electronic table games, Casino De Genting is the perfect place for them to hang out. For people who likes adventure, Genting outdoor theme park, water park, and First World indoor theme park is the recommended place for them. The coo l mountain air makes it an exhilarating experience to enjoy the rides at the outdoor theme park. Whether taking leisure drives in Antique car or the adrenaline pumping Flying Coaster, it is a magical adventure of excitement and fun for the guests. Besides that, the First World Indoor Theme Park features thrill rides, family rides, children rides and many other rides. It is recommended that customer who likes to play golf should pay a visit to Awana Genting Highlands Gold Country Resort. For customer who likes to hang out at night, there will be night entertainment available at Resort World Genting. For local Chinese travellers who likes culture, the Chin Swee Caves Temple will be a perfect spot for them to explore. It is located at the most scenic site of Genting Highlands. Within the temple is seated a black statue of the Reverend Master Chin Swee who has long been referred to as a deity in Fujian province for his supernatural abilities to summon rain and drive away evil spirits. 12

Tuesday, August 20, 2019

Developing Leadership: Innate or learned?

Developing Leadership: Innate or learned? Leadership has been an issue of much debate and research over the past century. It has evolved from which was essentially an individual and trait based phenomena to what we currently know as distributed leadership (Edwards 2011). The individual however remains in the heart of the matter. Current studies have emphasised the importance of learning and cognitive approach for effective leadership (Northhouse 2010). Evolved research studies have laid down the importance of acquired skills as much as personality traits that exist within individuals to lead. One of the early criticisms of the trait theory was that leaders may find it difficult to adapt to changing roles and circumstances leading to the development of the situational theory (Edwards 2011). Emerging concepts of leadership emphasise on learning and propagate that leadership abilities can be developed and cultivated with training. However in order to develop oneself as a successful leader one needs to develop himself or herself as an individual first. This essay will discuss and analyse the possibilities of leadership development and the theories that propagate it and would explain how leadership development is linked to personal development. Developing leadership: Leadership development is focused on developing the leadership abilities and attitudes of individuals. People might be born with certain physical attributes to perform at the highest level like sport stars or artists, yet they also need to practice and training to make it to the top and maintain consistency. No one can dismiss the importance of coaches in soccer in spite of the raw talent that exists in a team. It requires a great deal of planning, training and mentoring to bring about the best in individual genius. Williams, 2005 has put forth that leadership is a matter of mindset which can essentially be worked on and put into practice he has also highlighted high leaning and use of expertise as the need of managerial leadership competency. Similarly, not every individual is born with the ability to lead. Personal attributes can facilitate or deter a persons leadership abilities and require formalised programs for developing leadership competencies (Bennis 1989). Yet, everyone can develop their leadership effectiveness. However it requires a lot of conscious individual effort in or der to achieve such development. As in the case of a football player with born physical attributes, leadership has also been ascribed to an individuals early life influence. Some are more gifted than others and are born with some special talents. Traits like; personality, intelligence, energy and intuition which are indispensible for a leader are characteristics people are born with (Levicki 2002). Looking for traits associated with effective leadership, researchers have cited attributes like resolute energy, foresight and great persuasive skills (Yukl and Lepsinger 2004). We have come across so many political leaders fighting against the odds and making people believe in their vision with impeccable conviction and resolute. Mahatma Gandhi is a perfect example of drive, foresight and persuasive skills. It has however not been ascertained the specific traits which could guarantee leadership success. According to Edwards, 2011, it is possible for managers to develop their leadership a bility regardless of their gender and early life influences. Environmental factors play a key role amongst individuals as to how they develop themselves into leaders. A leaders problem solving abilities has a bearing on the effectiveness in solving organizational problems. Bennis, 1989 has also clearly stated that irrespective of the traits one might posses; it requires a great degree of personal effort and skill accumulation to propel an individual to a position of effective leadership. Various training programmes and related learning effectively help leaders to understand the requisites of successful leadership. However, knowing what to do and doing what one knows are two entirely diverse outcomes. An estimated 15% of classroom training results in sustained behavioural change with in the work place (Metcalfe 2011). Skill sets that can be developed to be an effective leader are discussed below; Technical Skill- Technical skills help organizations in realizing the actual product or service a company is designed to produce (Northhouse 2010). It is the knowledge or core competency in someones specialised area and activity. Possession of such skills could be referred to as leadership of knowledge (Edwards 2011). Mumford, Zaccaro, Harding et al., 2000 has suggested a skill based model based on five components such as; Competencies, individual attributes, leadership outcomes, career experiences and environmental influences. Human Skill- Human or people skill is the ability to work effectively with colleagues in order to achieve organisational goals. It could be walking along with subordinates, mentoring them or working in tandem with other team members. It is about getting a right mix of ones own perspectives and also being aware of others view of things (Katz 1955). Leaders with human skills adapt their own ideas to those of others. By doing that they manage to build a culture of trust and mutual respect, which in turn results in a conducive work environment where employees feel comfortable working with the leader and get the encouragement to get involved. A leader with human skills is one who is sensitive to the motivational factors affecting the sub ordinates and is considerate of others needs in his or her own decision making (Northhouse 2010). Conceptual Skill- It is the skill or ability to work on ideas and concepts. Leaders with conceptual skills bring about ideas that shape the future of the organisation as also the intricacies involved in bringing about the change (Northhouse 2010). This is critical to any organisation in creating a long term vision and strategic plan for future course of action. However conceptual skill is more relevant at the higher management levels (Edwards 2011). The skills approach provides a structure for understanding the nature of effective leadership (Katz 1955). Mumford, Zaccaro,Harding et al.(2000) opine that an effective leaderships skill model contends that leadership outcomes are the direct result of a leaders competencies in problem solving skills, social judgement skills and knowledge. Each of the competencies include large repertoire of abilities and they can be learned and developed. If we analyse the leadership style of business leader and investor Warren Buffet, he has shown tremendous expertise in all the leadership aspects discussed above. He has become an iconic figure by repeatedly proving his core expertise as an investor. Warren Buffett took the falls that any other leader has to take. He learned from his mistakes and turned his mistakes into a positive thing. Talking of human skills, Warren Buffett shares his leadership at all organizational levels and Buffett is empowered to share leadership responsibilities. Mr. Buffets continual approach of analyzing both possible investment choices, market trends, and the ability to place management resources of the right caliber in the right position has consistently brought this investor to the forefront amongst peers and the marketplace.Warren Buffett has leadership in all three departments and one must have these traits to be a good business leader. For a normal individual, it might require some events or a conscious effort so as to ignite the spark which can lead to development as a leader. The writer of the essay has benefitted from a close relationship with the managing director of a company who in turn was mentored by Dr. B. V. Rao (known as the father of Indian poultry industry). Getting into business, I had a chance meeting with the said person and was reluctant talking to him about my poultry start up. Considering the fact that I was a first generation businessman and that too in my early twenties, I thought I stood no where in the world of business. As it turned out, he seemed to be quite impressed with my enthusiasm and the fact that I had left my job in a FMCG MNC to start my own business. The talk was inspiring and supplemented me with the requisite courage to take the plunge. I have since remained in constant touch with him and benefitted immensely from his insight and mentoring. In spite of the presence of large pro ducers who were established players in the business we made our way through to become the states largest egg producer. Apart from the efforts put in by our team members and other factors, I have always realised my education, past experience and a global exposure has had a major role to play in providing our organisation the edge in the face of competition. We have been the early adaptors, technology leaders and have always taken the risk in pursuit of exponential growth. Turnbull and Bentley (2005) have identified certain occurrences which might play as triggers of leadership development: Experimental leadership development courses. Observing positive role models. Mentoring, coaching and consultant relationships. MBAs and leadership development courses. International and multicultural experiences. Voluntary and community work. Team sports. The suggested activities can be taken up at an individual level, which in turn can lead to development of leadership abilities by any individual if he or she pursues such interest. Modern day research on the learning process has been advocated as transformational learning theory. It accentuates on the self directed learning methodology and about change an individual brings in to oneself in order to live up to the responsibilities and achievement of organisational goals. Meizrow (1994, p.222) has put forth transformational learning as the process of constructing and appropriating a new or revised interpretation of meaning of ones experience as a guide to action. The cognitive process of learning is a key element of self development. (Merriam and Cafarella, 1999) have identified psychological edifice of experience, inner meaning and reflection being the components of the transformational learning process. Taylor (2000) has highlighted the importance of individual development as a vital aspect of transformational learning. Mr. Warren Buffets investment strategies and course of leadership are shining examples of characteristics shared by cognitive theorists. Going by the principles of Cognitive theory, he has demonstrated all the requisite skills of perception, anticipation, and thinking. At the core of every sound investor is a creative innovator. Leadership as self development: A personal development regime can enable one to develop a plan that facilitates acquiring essential leadership skills required for delivering to the organisational demands and across a wide spectrum of environment (Buswell, 2010) .The stepping stone on a journey of personal development is knowing and taking control of oneself. Training modules like PDP run by Bradford school of management requires the students to identify, skills that they believe they are inadequate at and to work on developing the same. The whole process starts from identifying strengths and weaknesses, developing an action plan and addressing the issues. The writer of this essay being an entrepreneur himself has been greatly influenced by Sir Richard Branson. Sir Branson, in his book Losing my virginity has mentioned about his scribe pad where he would note down all the ideas that come to his mind and events that he thought might have a relevance to self development. Bennis, 1989 has also talked about an erstwhile Disney executive who used a yellow pad to jot down unfamiliar terms and references to seek answers to at the next opportune moment. The same approach helped getting to know where I as an individual stood and to work on the weaknesses. Early life influences have been suggested as one of the factors for any individual to develop leadership abilities. Edwards 2011 however suggests that all managers can develop their leadership ability irrespective of gender and early life influences. It is only a matter of ability as to how much someone can develop more than other. The way forward to developing as a leader for an individual is to know and take control of oneself. Overcoming emotional barriers, building self confidence and emotional intelligence play a pivotal role for an individual to develop as a leader (Edwards 2011). Bennis(1989) talks about the importance of knowing the world as much as knowing oneself. A person can develop himself or herself beyond limits given the right attitude and a hunger for knowledge. Broad and systematic education, extensive travel and associations with mentors and groups make a big difference in personal development. It gives the individual the leverage over others in terms of authority and confidence. French and Raven (1959) in their classical behavioural model, mention of expert power which is power through knowledge. Travelling broadens up ones mind and makes people adapt to alien things. It helps seeing things in a different perspective which consequentially makes an individual flexible enough to adapt to the external environment and the challenging task of dealing with changing human behaviour. A well organised leadership development programme can provide the right platform for an individual to cultivate requisite leadership skills needed to perform across a wide spectrum of roles. As is said, knowing the problem is half the problem solved. Understanding oneself can take an individual to a situation where he or she starts working on the weaknesses and develops skills as necessary for the demands of the situation. As is cited above for the triggers of leadership, certain attributes from leaders or role models can be observed and emulated in the individuals context. Edwards, 2011 has mentioned being thrown in the deep end as a potential initiation of leadership development. Whereas it could be a practice followed by leaders to develop or nurture their sub ordinates, an individual can also get involved into circumstances with a conscious effort, where he or she is not familiar with and learn in the process. Bennis, 1989 has quoted Atkin as saying that, one sees a problem as an opportunity and learns through the experience of dealing with it. By doing so the individual not only develops own skills but could also earn the admiration of others. If we consider situati onal approach of leadership, it stresses of a dimension which consists of both directive and supportive elements which is applied appropriately in a given situation (Northhouse 2011). An individual who has gone through the process of dealing in unchartered territory will be better poised to understand the changing needs of subordinates and might be able to fine tune the degree to which he or she is directive or supportive. Bennis 1989, has emphasised the importance of knowing oneself, self knowledge, self invention for self development and consequently as leaders. Individuals need to inculcate a process of self knowledge so as to develop as a leader. Characteristics like being ones own teacher, learning to take responsibility add value to personal development and that one can learn as much as one wants to learn and true understanding comes from reflecting the individuals own experience are being noted as tools to leadership development. It could be worked out as a journey one embarks upon to achieve personal identity with a focussed approach of self development. Communication plays a pivotal role in getting people around to buy ones ideas. Effective leaders use it as a tool to get people involved in their ideas (Avery 2004). Apple founder Steve Jobs is famed for his ability to give speeches and captivate the audience attention. He has been highly effective in inspiring his employees and audience with the ability of an evangelist. Levici (2002) has stated that communication ability constitutes an important ingredient of the individual charisma. In this respect it can be observed that Steve Jobs posses the charismatic abilities by communicating his ideas using metaphors and analogies and storytelling. However Jobs charisma could also be related to the deep understanding he has about the business, which could be co related to the expert power. According to Levici (2002) charisma can be developed by adopting a systematic acquisition of certain superficial attributes coupled with certain self development of tone of voice, style of speech and phra seology. It has however been highlighted that one needs to posses a character in order to have a sustainable impact on people. Electromagnetic induction: An introduction Electromagnetic induction: An introduction Introduction Electromagnetic induction is the production of voltage across a conductor situated in a changing magnetic field or a conductor moving through a stationary magnetic field. Michael Faraday is generally credited with the discovery of the induction phenomenon in 1831 though it may have been anticipated by the work of Francesco Zantedeschi in 1829. Around 1830 to 1832 Joseph Henry made a similar discovery, but did not publish his findings until later History Faradays law was originally an experimental law based upon observations. Later it was formalized, and along with the other laws of electromagnetism a partial time derivative restricted version of it was incorporated into the modern Heaviside versions of Maxwells equations. Faradays law of induction is based on Michael Faradays experiments in 1831. The effect was also discovered by Joseph Henry at about the same time, but Faraday published first. Lenzs law, formulated by Baltic German physicist Heinrich Lenz in 1834, gives the direction of the induced electromotive force and current resulting from electromagnetic induction[2] Technical details Faraday found that the electromotive force (EMF) produced around a closed path is proportional to the rate of change of the magnetic flux through any surface bounded by that path. In practice, this means that an electrical current will be induced in any closed circuit when the magnetic flux through a surface bounded by the conductor changes. This applies whether the field itself changes in strength or the conductor is moved through it. Electromagnetic induction underlies the operation of generators, all electric motors, transformers, induction motors, synchronous motors, solenoids, and most other electrical machines. Faradays law of electromagnetic induction states that: Thus: is the electromotive force (emf) in volts ÃŽ ¦B is the magnetic flux in webers For the common but special case of a coil of wire, composed of N loops with the same area, Faradays law of electromagnetic induction states that where is the electromotive force (emf) in volts N is the number of turns of wire ÃŽ ¦B is the magnetic flux in webers through a single loop. A corollary of Faradays Law, together with Amperes and Ohms laws is Lenzs law: The emf induced in an electric circuit always acts in such a direction that the current it drives around. Consider the case in Figure 3 of a closed rectangular loop of wire in the xy-plane translated in the x-direction at velocity v. Thus, the center of the loop at xC satisfies v = dxC / dt. The loop has length â„“ in the y-direction and width w in the x-direction. A time-independent but spatially varying magnetic field B(x) points in the z-direction. The magnetic field on the left side is B( xC − w / 2), and on the right side is B( xC + w / 2). The electromotive force is to be found directly and by using Faradays law above. Lorentz force law method A charge q in the wire on the left side of the loop experiences a Lorentz force q v Ãâ€" B k = −q v B(xC − w / 2) j   ( j, k unit vectors in the y- and z-directions; see vector cross product), leading to an EMF (work per unit charge) of v â„“ B(xC − w / 2) along the length of the left side of the loop. On the right side of the loop the same argument shows the EMF to be v â„“ B(xC + w / 2). The two EMFs oppose each other, both pushing positive charge toward the bottom of the loop. In the case where the B-field increases with increase in x, the force on the right side is largest, and the current will be clockwise: using the right-hand rule, the B-field generated by the current opposes the impressed fieldThe EMF driving the current must increase as we move counterclockwise (opposite to the current). Adding the EMFs in a counterclockwise tour of the loop we find Faradays law method At any position of the loop the magnetic flux through the loop is The sign choice is decided by whether the normal to the surface points in the same direction as B, or in the opposite direction. If we take the normal to the surface as pointing in the same direction as the B-field of the induced current, this sign is negative. The time derivative of the flux is then (using the chain rule of differentiation or the general form of Leibniz rule for differentiation of an integral): (where v = dxC / dt is the rate of motion of the loop in the x-direction ) leading to: as before. The equivalence of these two approaches is general and, depending on the example, one or the other method may prove more practical. Moving loop in uniform B-field Figure 4: Rectangular wire loop rotating at angular velocity ω in radially outward pointing magnetic field B of fixed magnitude. Current is collected by brushes attached to top and bottom discs, which have conducting rims. Figure 4 shows a spindle formed of two discs with conducting rims and a conducting loop attached vertically between these rims. The entire assembly spins in a magnetic field that points radially outward, but is the same magnitude regardless of its direction. A radially oriented collecting return loop picks up current from the conducting rims. At the location of the collecting return loop, the radial B-field lies in the plane of the collecting loop, so the collecting loop contributes no flux to the circuit. The electromotive force is to be found Lorentz force law method In this case the Lorentz force drives the current in the two vertical arms of the moving loop downward, so current flows from the top disc to the bottom disc. In the conducting rims of the discs, the Lorentz force is perpendicular to the rim, so no EMF is generated in the rims, nor in the horizontal portions of the moving loop. Current is transmitted from the bottom rim to the top rim through the external return loop, which is oriented so the B-field is in its plane. Thus, the Lorentz force in the return loop is perpendicular to the loop, and no EMF is generated in this return loop. Traversing the current path in the direction opposite to the current flow, work is done against the Lorentz force only in the vertical arms of the moving loop, where Consequently the EMF is where â„“ is the vertical length of the loop, and the velocity is related to the angular rate of rotation by v = r ω, with r = radius of cylinder. Notice that the same work is done on any path that rotates with the loop and connects the upper and lower rim. Faradays law method An intuitively appealing but mistaken approach to using the flux rule would say the flux through the circuit was just ÃŽ ¦B = B w â„“, where w = width of the moving loop. This number is time-independent, so the approach predicts incorrectly that no EMF is generated. The flaw in this argument is that it fails to consider the entire current path, which is a closed loop. To use the flux rule, we have to look at the entire current path, which includes the path through the rims in the top and bottom discs. We can choose an arbitrary closed path through the rims and the rotating loop, and the flux law will find the EMF around the chosen path. Any path that has a segment attached to the rotating loop captures the relative motion of the parts of the circuit. As an example path, lets traverse the circuit in the direction of rotation in the top disc, and in the direction opposite to the direction of rotation in the bottom disc (shown by arrows in Figure 4). In this case, for the moving loop at an angle ÃŽ ¸ from the collecting loop, a portion of the cylinder of area A = r â„“ ÃŽ ¸ is part of the circuit. This area is perpendicular to the B-field, and so contributes to the flux an amount: where the sign is negative because the right-hand rule suggests the B-field generated by the current loop is opposite in direction to the applied B field. As this is the only time-dependent portion of the flux, the flux law predicts an EMF of in agreement with the Lorentz force law calculation. Now lets try a different path. Follow a path traversing the rims via the opposite choice of segments. Then the coupled flux would decrease as ÃŽ ¸ increased, but the right-hand rule would suggest the current loop added to the applied B-field, so the EMF around this path is the same as for the first path. Any mixture of return paths leads to the same result for EMF, so it is actually immaterial which path is followed. The use of a closed path to find EMF as done above appears to depend upon details of the path geometry. In contrast, the Lorentz-law approach is independent of such restrictions. A discussion follows intended to understand better the equivalence of paths and escape the particulars of path selection when using the flux law. Figure 5 is an idealization of with the cylinder unwrapped onto a plane. The same path-related analysis works, but a simplification is suggested. The time-independent aspects of the circuit cannot affect the time-rate-of-change of flux. For example, at a constant velocity of sliding the loop, the details of current flow through the loop are not time dependent. Instead of concern over details of the closed loop selected to find the EMF, one can focus on the area of B-field swept out by the moving loop. This suggestion amounts to finding the rate at which flux is cut by the circuit. That notion provides direct evaluation of the rate of change of flux, without concern over the time-independent details of various path choices around the circuit. Just as with the Lorentz law approach, it is clear that any two paths attached to the sliding loop, but differing in how they cross the loop, produce the same rate-of-change of flux. In Figure 5 the area swept out in unit time is simply dA / dt = v â„“, regardless of the details of the selected closed path, so Faradays law of induction provides the EMF as: This path independence of EMF shows that if the sliding loop is replaced by a solid conducting plate, or even some complex warped surface, the analysis is the same: find the flux in the area swept out by the moving portion of the circuit. In a similar way, if the sliding loop in the drum generator of Figure 4 is replaced by a 360 ° solid conducting cylinder, the swept area calculation is exactly the same as for the case with only a loop. That is, the EMF predicted by Faradays law is exactly the same for the case with a cylinder with solid conducting walls or, for that matter, a cylinder with a cheese grater for walls. Notice, though, that the current that flows as a result of this EMF will not be the same because the resistance of the circuit determines the current[3] Applications The principles of electromagnetic induction are applied in many devices and systems, including: Induction Sealing Induction motors Electrical generators Transformers Contactless charging of rechargeable batteries The 6.6kW Magne Charge system for Battery electric vehicles Induction cookers Induction welding Inductors Electromagnetic forming Magnetic flow meters Transcranial magnetic stimulation Faraday Flashlight Graphics tablet Wireless energy transfer Electric Guitar Pickups Hall effect meters Current transformer meters Clamp meter Audio and video tapes the circuit opposes the change in magnetic flux which produces the emf. The direction mentioned in Lenzs law can be thought of as the result of the minus sign in the above equation Eddy currents An eddy current is a swirling current set up in a conductor in response to a changing magnetic field. By Lenz ¹s law, the current swirls in such a way as to create a magnetic field opposing the change; to do this in a conductor, electrons swirl in a plane perpendicular to the magnetic field. Because of the tendency of eddy currents to oppose, eddy currents cause energy to be lost. More accurately, eddy currents transform more useful forms of energy, such as kinetic energy, into heat, which is generally much less useful. In many applications the loss of useful energy is not particularly desirable, but there are some practical applications. One is in the brakes of some trains. During braking, the metal wheels are exposed to a magnetic field from an electromagnet, generating eddy currents in the wheels. The magnetic interaction between the applied field and the eddy currents acts to slow the wheels down. The faster the wheels are spinning, the stronger the effect, meaning that as the train slows the braking force is reduced, producing a smooth stopping motion. Electrical generator Faradays disc electric generator. The disc rotates with angular rate ω, sweeping the conducting radius circularly in the static magnetic field B. The magnetic Lorentz force v Ãâ€" B drives the current along the conducting radius to the conducting rim, and from there the circuit completes through the lower brush and the axle supporting the disc. Thus, current is generated from mechanical motion. The EMF generated by Faradays law of induction due to relative movement of a circuit and a magnetic field is the phenomenon underlying electrical generators. When a permanent magnet is moved relative to a conductor, or vice versa, an electromotive force is created. If the wire is connected through an electrical load, current will flow, and thus electrical energy is generated, converting the mechanical energy of motion to electrical energy. For example, the drum generator is based upon . A different implementation of this idea is the Faradays disc, shown in simplified form in Figure 8. Note that either the analysis of Figure 5, or direct application of the Lorentz force law, shows that a solid conducting disc works the same way. In the Faradays disc example, the disc is rotated in a uniform magnetic field perpendicular to the disc, causing a current to flow in the radial arm due to the Lorentz force. It is interesting to understand how it arises that mechanical work is necessary to drive this current. When the generated current flows through the conducting rim, a magnetic field is generated by this current through Amperes circuital law (labeled induced B in Figure 8). The rim thus becomes an electromagnet that resists rotation of the disc (an example of Lenzs law). On the far side of the figure, the return current flows from the rotating arm through the far side of the rim to the bottom brush. The B-field induced by this return current opposes the applied B-field, tending to decrease the flux through that side of the circuit, opposing the increase in flux due to rotation. On the near side of the figure, the return current flows from the rotating arm through the near side of the rim to the bottom brush. The i nduced B-field increases the flux on this side of the circuit, opposing the decrease in flux due to rotation. Thus, both sides of the circuit generate an emf opposing the rotation. The energy required to keep the disc moving, despite this reactive force, is exactly equal to the electrical energy generated (plus energy wasted due to friction, Joule heating, and other inefficiencies). This behavior is common to all generators converting mechanical energy to electrical energy. Although Faradays law always describes the working of electrical generators, the detailed mechanism can differ in different cases. When the magnet is rotated around a stationary conductor, the changing magnetic field creates an electric field, as described by the Maxwell-Faraday equation, and that electric field pushes the charges through the wire. This case is called an induced EMF. On the other hand, when the magnet is stationary and the conductor is rotated, the moving charges experience a magnetic force (as described by the Lorentz force law), and this magnetic force pushes the charges through the wire. This case is called motional EMF. (For more information on motional EMF, induced EMF, Faradays law, and the Lorentz force. Electrical motor An electrical generator can be run backwards to become a motor. For example, with the Faraday disc, suppose a DC current is driven through the conducting radial arm by a voltage. Then by the Lorentz force law, this traveling charge experiences a force in the magnetic field B that will turn the disc in a direction given by Flemings left hand rule. In the absence of irreversible effects, like friction or Joule heating, the disc turns at the rate necessary to make d ÃŽ ¦B / dt equal to the voltage driving the current. Electrical transformer The EMF predicted by Faradays law is also responsible for electrical transformers. When the electric current in a loop of wire changes, the changing current creates a changing magnetic field. A second wire in reach of this magnetic field will experience this change in magnetic field as a change in its coupled magnetic flux, a d ÃŽ ¦B / d t. Therefore, an electromotive force is set up in the second loop called the induced EMF or transformer EMF. If the two ends of this loop are connected through an electrical load, current will flow. Magnetic flow meter Faradays law is used for measuring the flow of electrically conductive liquids and slurries. Such instruments are called magnetic flow meters. The induced voltage ÃŽ µ generated in the magnetic field B due to a conductive liquid moving at velocity v is thus given by: where â„“ is the distance between electrodes in the magnetic flow meter. Parasitic induction and waste heating All metal objects moving in relation to a static magnetic field will experience inductive power flow, as do all stationary metal objects in relation to a moving magnetic field. These power flows are occasionally undesirable, resulting in flowing electric current at very low voltage and heating of the metal. There are a number of methods employed to control these undesirable inductive effects. Electromagnets in electric motors, generators, and transformers do not use solid metal, but instead use thin sheets of metal plate, called laminations. These thin plates reduce the parasitic eddy currents, as described below. Inductive coils in electronics typically use magnetic cores to minimize parasitic current flow. They are a mixture of metal powder plus a resin binder that can hold any shape. The binder prevents parasitic current flow through the powdered metal.